Laozi
絕聖棄智,民利百倍; 絕仁棄義,民復孝慈; 絕巧棄利,盜賊無有。 此三者以為文不足, 故令有所屬:見素抱樸, 少私寡欲。
James Legge
If we could renounce our sageness and discard our wisdom, it would be better for the people a hundredfold. If we could renounce our benevolence and discard our righteousness, the people would again become filial and kindly. If we could renounce our artful contrivances and discard our (scheming for) gain, there would be no thieves nor robbers.
Those three methods (of government) Thought olden ways in elegance did fail And made these names their want of worth to veil; But simple views, and courses plain and true Would selfish ends and many lusts eschew.
Victor H. Mair
“Abolish sagehood and abandon cunning, the people will benefit a hundredfold; Abolish humaneness and abandon righteousness, the people will once again be filial and kind; Abolish cleverness and abandon profit, bandits and thieves will be no more.” These three statements are inadequate as a civilizing doctrine; Therefore, Let something be added to them: Evince the plainness of undyed silk, Embrace the simplicity of the unhewn log; Lessen selfishness, Diminish desires; Abolish learning and you will be without worries.
C. Spurgeon Medhurst
Abandon knowledge, discard wisdom—the people will gain a hundred fold.
Abandon the humanities, discard righteousness—the people will return to filial love.
Abandon cleverness, discard gain—robbers and thieves will be no more. [^1]
These three, [^2] being considered not sufficiently aesthetic, therefore many other devices [^3] were added. Better observe simplicity, [^4] encourage primitiveness, lessen the number of private projects, and moderate desire. [^5]
Whether on the physical or spiritual planes, disintegration is essential to progression. However good the ritual, it should be cast aside once the life has outgrown the form. In passing from infancy to old age, mankind proceeds from multiplicity to simplicity, from activity to quiescence, and this natural physical law is also the path for the soul. The desires fade, or are perhaps absorbed, as the orb of Truth rises.
”The wisdom of this world is foolishness with God,” says Paul.
”Except ye fast to the world, ye shall in no wise find the kingdom of God,” is one of the forgotten sayings of the Christ.
[^1] Virtues which are exotics and not habitats are dangerous freaks, diverting the mind from inner realities. The teaching is eloquently set forth by J. B. of “The Christian World.” “What a remove,” … he writes, “from the thing we call ‘cleverness,’ the element which made Jesus supreme in the hearts of his followers! Was it by ‘cleverness’ that, in Ullmann’s striking words, ‘His mere presence passed a silent but irresistible sentence upon those by whom he was surrounded,’ Was it a mere trick of the intellect that his look could break a strong man’s hearts In this highest example we have demonstration of the fact that the crowning endowment of humanity is beyond and behind intellect, using that only as a tool. … We are in an age of culture and of general knowledge grinding. More than ever necessary is that for every teacher, but it is only a beginning. Our qualification for any grade of spiritual office is in the incessant cultivation of our central innermost. It is when we find our Higher Self, our greater Ego, the infinite Ground of our being, to be more and more filling us and making our life, that we can speak of progress.”
[^2] viz.: The three duplicates, knowledge, wisdom; benevolence, righteousness; cleverness, gain. Standing alone they are painted fruits which arouse expectations but fail to satisfy hunger. Cf. Matt. xxi. 17-19.
[^3] Once let the outer usurp the inner, and, like uncontrolled competition in business, it will end in bankruptcy.
[^4] Tsaio-ju-ho observes that primitive simplicity embraces the very essence of knowledge, wisdom, benevolence and righteousness.
[^5] The way of the Christ, as of all great religious leaders, is to discourage monopoly and practice spiritual socialism.
See notes to chap. 38.
Ursula K. Le Guin
Stop being holy, forget being prudent, it’ll be a hundred times better for everyone. Stop being altruistic, forget being righteous, people will remember what family feeling is. Stop planning, forget making a profit, there won’t be any thieves and robbers.
But even these three rules needn’t be followed; what works reliably is to know the raw silk, hold the uncut wood. Need little, want less. Forget the rules. Be untroubled.
Note UKLG: This chapter and the two before it may be read as a single movement of thought. “Raw silk” and “uncut wood” are images traditionally associated with the characters su (simple, plain) and p’u (natural, honest).